La Cultura Sanxingdui en China y la Cultura Maya en América: una comparación entre dos “culturas abiertas”

The general objective of this project is to expose that the extraordinary cultural achievement of both the Sanxingdui culture in China as the maya culture in Mesoamerica was based on the fusion of their own development with the absorption the essence of more developed cultures.This work, corresponding to the second part of the project, focuses on showing the exchange that made the Shu people, creator of the Sanxingdui culture, with other cultures. The research has been developed along two lines. First, it has been studied the study of the history of Shu’s people.The result shows that the Shu belonged to an ancient ethnic family called “Qiang”. Some Shu people had moved to the North and arrived at the Eurasian grassland where groups of differen traces including Caucasians coexisted. As the living area had been affected by the desertification, some Shu people returned to their homeland, but living in the Eurasian grassland had left marks on their biological characteristic. So, during the ancestor worship, the Shu people captured the original appearance of their forefathers. Second, we have made an analysis of materials which expose the relationships between Shu people and other cultures. We have found that Shu people used the Southern Silk Road to conduct their commercial and cultural exchanges with the people of SouthChina, India, and probably with West Asia. These historical events could explain the peculiarity of their bronze art, the only one in China, but maintains some similarity to the art of India and WestAsia.The analysis of the migrations of Shu people in the past and the Southern Silk Road allows usto justify our initial working hypothesis that through their exchange with neighbouring and distantregions, the Shu people have developed a brilliant culture with remarkable features. The first two parts of the project have been completed, whereas the third part is actually in progress.El objetivo general de este proyecto consiste en exponer que el extraordinario logro cultural tanto de la cultura Sanxingdui en China como la cultura maya en Mesoamérica, estuvo basado en la fusión entre su propio desarrollo y la absorción de la esencia de otras culturas más desarrolladas. El presente trabajo, que corresponder a la segunda parte del proyecto, se enfoca en mostrar el intercambio que realizó el pueblo Shu, creador de la cultura Sanxingdui, con otras culturas. Se ha desarrollado la investigación siguiendo dos líneas. En primer lugar, se realizó el estudio sobre la historia del pueblo Shu. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el pueblo Shu perteneció a una antigua familia étnica llamada “Qiang”. Los Shu se habían trasladado al norte. Algunos de ellos llegaron hasta la pradera euroasiática donde convivían grupos étnicos de diversas razas, incluso la caucásica. A medida que se desertificó la zona en la que vivían los Shu, algunos grupos volvieron a su tierra natal, pero la convivencia en la pradera euroasiática había dejado huellas en sus características biológicas. Así, en el culto a los antepasados, el pueblo Shu plasmó la fisonomía original de sus ancestros. En segundo lugar, se realizó un análisis acerca de los materiales que exponen las relaciones entre el pueblo Shu y otras culturas. Hemos constatado que los Shu utilizaban la Ruta dela Seda Meridional para llevar a cabo sus intercambios comerciales y culturales con los pueblos de China del sur e India, y probablemente con Asia occidental. Estos hechos históricos podrían explicar la peculiaridad de su arte de bronce, único en China, pero que aun mantiene cierta similitud con el arte de la India y Asia occidental. Los resultados alcanzados en esta etapa de la investigación nos permiten justificar nuestra hipótesis de trabajo inicial: que a través de su intercambio con los pueblos vecinos y lejanos, el pueblo Shu logró desarrollar una brillante cultura con notable singularidad. Se han finalizado, por lo tanto, las primeras dos partes del trabajo, mientras que la tercera se encuentra en pleno desarrollo

La cultura de Sanxingdui en China y la cultura Maya en América: una comparación entre dos “culturas abiertas”

En muchos lugares del mundo, el desarrollo cultural no es igual. Esta desigualdad constituye un factor dinámico en la convergencia y el desarrollo hacia la integración cultural. En este sentido, no existe una cultura absolutamente aislada. Basándose en su propio origen, una cultura se forma y prospera absorbiendo la esencia de otras más desarrolladas. Una cultura avanza mediante el contacto, conflicto, intercambio y la fusión con otras. En la cultura Sanxingdui y en la maya es evidente esta característica conciliadora.El objetivo de la presente investigación consiste en exponer la formación de esta característica conciliadora y comparar ambas culturas. Además, tiene por objeto específico introducir al ámbito académico argentino el estudio sobre la cultura Sanxingdui.La investigación se divide en tres partes. La primera parte se concentra en investigar el papel que desempeña la cultura Sanxingdui en la búsqueda del origen de la civilización china. La segunda parte se enfoca en investigar el intercambio de dicha cultura con regiones lejanas. La tercera comparará la cultura Sanxingdui con la cultura maya con respecto a su comunicación con el exterior.Como se trata de una investigación totalmente nueva en la Argentina, en la primera parte del trabajo se presenta la cultura Sanxingdui bajo el contexto de la definición del origen de la civilización china. Siendo la cultura más representativa de la cuenca superior del Río Changjiang (conocido también como el Río Yangtze), Sanxingdui, junto con otros hallazgos arqueológicos encontrados en la cuenca media e inferior del dicho río, avala el nuevo punto de vista de que además del Río Amarillo en el norte de China, el Río Changjiang del sur también fue cuna de la civilización china.Se ha finalizado la primera parte del trabajo, mientras que la segunda y tercera parte están en pleno desarrollo.In many parts of the world, the cultural development is not the same, which is a dynamic factor in the development towards convergence and integration of cultures. There is not an absolutely isolatedculture. Based on its origin, a culture is formed and thrives absorbing the essence of other moredeveloped. A culture progresses through contact, conflict, exchange and fusion with others. In theSanxingdui culture and Maya culture is evident this conciliatory feature.The objective of this work is to expose the formation of this conciliatory feature in both culturesand compare them. It also aims to introduce to the Argentine academic ambit the study of Sanxingdui.The research work is divided into three parts. The first part focuses on investigating the role of theSanxingdui culture in the search for the origin of Chinese civilization. The second part focuses on researchingthe exchange of Sanxingdui culture with distant regions. The third part will try to comparethe Sanxingdui culture and Maya culture under the aspect of their external communications.As it is a totally new research in Argentina, in the first part of the work, Sanxingdui cultureis presented in the context of the search for the origin of Chinese civilization. Being the mostrepresentative culture of the upper drainage area of Yangtze River, Sanxingdui, along with otherarchaeological finds from the middle and lower basin of Yangtze River, supports the new point ofview which considers that besides the Yellow River in the northern China, the Yangtze River in thesouth was also a cradle of Chinese civilization.The first part of the work has already been completed, while the second and third parts are stilldeveloping

La cultura sanxingdui en China y la cultura maya en América: una comparación entre dos culturas abiertas

The main objective of this investigation has been to explore comparatively the development of the Sanxingdui culture in China and the Mayan culture in Mesoamerica, to demonstrate that, although they were developed in different spatial and temporal environments, both possess the same conciliatory characteristic due to their constant relationship with other cultures. Their cultural excellence was based on the fusion between their own development and the absorption of the essence of other cultures. During the last stage of the project, we focused on showing the cultural ties between the Sanxingdui culture and the cultures of Xia and Shang of central China, as well as the relationships between Mayan culture and Olmec culture, which had previously flourished. Our research indicates that the resemblance of the Sanxingdui culture to the cultures of central China is significantly reflected in the relics of their pottery for everyday life, and the bronze sculptures and jade chisels for the ritual ceremony. The same cultural thread links these cultures. In the case of Mayan culture, there were several links between this culture and the Olmec culture, such as the construction of the ceremonial centre and the pyramids, the production of ceramics, the way of writing, the symbolism and the art of the stone sculpture. We clearly perceive a hereditary relationship between both cultures. After analysing the related materials, we have been able to draw the conclusion that the Sanxingdui culture in China and the Mayan culture in Mesoamerica have received influences from different or more advanced cultures. We have achieved our goal by demonstrating that both cultures have made commercial and cultural exchanges with neighbouring and distant regions through land and river routes, showing, as well, that their own development and the fusion with other cultures allowed them to create their own brilliant and exquisite culture.El objetivo principal de este proyecto de investigación ha sido indagar de manera comparativa los desarrollos de las culturas sanxingdui en China y maya en Mesoamérica. Buscamos demostrar que, aunque se desarrollaron en distintos ámbitos espaciales y temporales, ambas poseen una misma característica conciliadora: su constante vínculo con otras culturas. Sus excelencias culturales estuvieron basadas en la fusión entre su propio desarrollo y la absorción de la esencia de otras culturas. En el transcurso de la última etapa del proyecto, nos enfocamos en mostrar evidencia de los lazos culturales existentes entre la cultura de Sanxingdui y las culturas de Xia y Shang de China central, como así también de las relaciones entre la cultura maya y la cultura olmeca, la cual había prosperado anteriormente. Nuestra investigación ha permitido determinar que la semejanza de la cultura sanxingdui con las culturas de China central se refleja notablemente en las reliquias de su cerámica para la vida cotidiana y en las esculturas de bronce y cinceladuras de jade para las ceremonias rituales. Se trata de un mismo hilo cultural que las enlaza. En el caso de la cultura maya, evidenciamos que existían diferentes vínculos con la olmeca tales como la construcción del centro ceremonial y las pirámides, la producción de cerámica, la forma de escribir, el simbolismo y el arte de la escultura. Percibimos claramente una relación hereditaria entre ambas. Luego de analizar los materiales relacionados, hemos podido llegar a la conclusión de que la cultura sanxingdui en China y la cultura maya en Mesoamérica han recibido influencias de otras culturas diferentes y/o más avanzadas. Hemos logrado el objetivo propuesto, al determinar a su vez que ambas culturas han realizado intercambios comerciales y culturales con regiones vecinas y distantes a través de vías terrestres y fluviales. Se pone de manifiesto, así, el hecho de que el desarrollo propio y la fusión con otros les permitieron crear su particular cultura, brillante y exquisita

Estimation of latent variable models for ordinal data via fully exponential Laplace approximation

Latent variable models for ordinal data represent a useful tool in different fields of research in which the constructs of interest are not directly observable. In such models, problems related to the integration of the likelihood function can arise since analytical solutions do not exist. Numerical approximations, like the widely used Gauss Hermite (GH) quadrature, are generally applied to solve these problems. However, GH becomes unfeasible as the number of latent variables increases. Thus, alternative solutions have to be found. In this paper, we propose an extended version of the Laplace method for approximating the integrals, known as fully exponential Laplace approximation. It is computational feasible also in presence of many latent variables, and it is more accurate than the classical Laplace method

A Framework for Detecting Injected Influence Attacks on Microblog Websites Using Change Detection Techniques

Presidential elections can impact world peace, global economics, and overall well-being. Recent news indicates that fraud on the Web has played a substantial role in elections, particularly in developing countries in South America and the public discourse, in general. To protect the trustworthiness of the Web, in this paper, we present a novel framework using statistical techniques to help detect veiled Web fraud attacks in Online Social Networks (OSN). Specific examples are used to demonstrate how some statistical techniques, such as the Kalman Filter and the modified CUSUM, can be applied to detect various attack scenarios. A hybrid data set, consisting of both real user tweets collected from Twitter and simulated fake tweets is constructed for testing purposes. The efficacy of the proposed framework has been verified by computing metrics, such as Precision, Recall, and Area Under the ROC curve. The algorithms achieved up to 99.9% accuracy in some scenarios and are over 80% accurate for most of the other scenarios

A framework for detecting injected influence attacks on microblog websites using change detection techniques

Presidential elections can impact world peace, global economics, and overall well-being. Recent news indicates that fraud on the Web has played a substantial role in elections, particularly in developing countries in South America and the public discourse, in general. To protect the trustworthiness of the Web, in this paper, we present a novel framework using statistical techniques to help detect veiled Web fraud attacks in Online Social Networks (OSN). Specific examples are used to demonstrate how some statistical techniques, such as the Kalman Filter and the modified CUSUM, can be applied to detect various attack scenarios. A hybrid data set, consisting of both real user tweets collected from Twitter and simulated fake tweets is constructed for testing purposes. The efficacy of the proposed framework has been verified by computing metrics, such as Precision, Recall, and Area Under the ROC curve. The algorithms achieved up to 99.9% accuracy in some scenarios and are over 80% accurate for most of the other scenarios

Building Safe Community Spaces for Immigrant Families, one Library at a Time

In today’s political climate, supporting the needs of young children from Latinx immigrant families has become increasingly difficult at the community, institutional, state, and federal levels. This essay is about a group of Latinx families who participated in an innovative early literacy program at a county public library branch in the migration setting of the U.S. Southeast known as the New Latino Diaspora (Hamann, Wortham, Murillo, 2015). We describe the program and its role in building a safe and welcoming environment for Latinx students and their families. We include the voices of the librarian and parents who had never before participated in a family literacy series for Spanish-speaking immigrants. We conclude with a discussion about factors that foster an inclusive community space for educational experiences

Domain Wall/Cosmology correspondence in (AdS/dS)_6 x S^4 geometries

We investigate the ten dimensional origin of six dimensional F_4 variant supergravity with supersymmetric de Sitter background. We address first the issue of spontaneous compactification, showing that it consists of a warped compactification on a four sphere of a variant massive type IIA supergravity. Moreover we illustrate how the known D4-D8 brane solution, whose near horizon geometry yields AdS_6 x S^4, is accordingly modified to a system including Euclidean branes. Finally, we discuss the relation between this latter solution and the D4-D8 brane system, showing how it represents a generalisation of the DW/Cosmology correspondence.Comment: 11 pages, LaTe